Mechanism of Injury

Fall on outstretched hand (indirect)

  • Impact transmitted to humeral head → surgical neck fracture
  • Elderly women (osteoporotic)

Direct trauma to lateral shoulder

  • Comminuted or head-splitting fracture
  • Young adults

Violent muscular contraction (rare)

  • Lesser tuberosity avulsion (subscapularis)
  • Throwers, athletes
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